All Physics Calculator Related Post

    Scattering Cross Section Calculator Scattering Regime Rayleigh Scattering (x << λ)Mie Scattering (x ≈ λ)Geometric Optics (x >> λ)Radar Cross Section (RCS) Particle Radius a (m, μm, nm) Wavelength λ (m, μm, nm) Refractive Index of Particle (real part m) Imaginary Part of Refractive Index (k, absorption) Size Parameter: x = 2πa/λ  |  Rayleigh: x […]

    Absorption Coefficient Calculator Known Parameter Transmittance (T = I/I₀)Intensity Ratio (I/I₀)Absorbance (A = -log₁₀T)Optical Depth (τ) Transmittance T (0 to 1) Path Length x (m, cm, mm, or μm) Unit of Path Length meters (m)centimeters (cm)millimeters (mm)micrometers (μm) Beer-Lambert Law: I = I₀ × e⁻ᵅˣ  →  α = −ln(T)/x Where α is the linear absorption

    Convective Heat Calculator Convection Type Forced ConvectionNatural (Free) Convection Geometry Circular Pipe / Tube (Internal Flow)Flat PlateCylinder in Cross FlowSphere Reynolds Number (Re) Prandtl Number (Pr) Geometry Vertical PlateHorizontal Plate – Hot Surface UpHorizontal Plate – Hot Surface DownHorizontal Cylinder Rayleigh Number (Ra) Surface Area A (m²) Temperature Difference ΔT = |Ts −

    Rayleigh Number Calculator Input Mode: Quick Mode: Select Fluid & ConditionsAdvanced Mode: Manual Input Select Fluid: Air at 20°C (Room Temperature)Air at 100°CWater at 20°CWater at 60°CWater at 100°CEngine Oil (SAE 30) at 20°CGlycerin at 20°C Temperature Difference ΔT = |Ts – T∞| (K or °C): Characteristic Length L (m): Gravity g (m/s²):

    Grashof Number Calculator Input Mode: Manual InputSelect Fluid & Temperature Acceleration due to Gravity g (m/s²): Thermal Expansion Coefficient β (1/K): Temperature Difference ΔT = |Ts – T∞| (K or °C): Characteristic Length L (m): Kinematic Viscosity ν (m²/s): Select Fluid: Air at 20°CAir at 100°CWater at 20°CWater at 60°CEngine Oil at 20°CGlycerin

    Nusselt Number Calculator Convection Type: Forced ConvectionNatural (Free) ConvectionMixed Convection Geometry: Internal Flow in Pipe (Circular)External Flow over Flat PlateCross Flow over CylinderFlow over Sphere Reynolds Number (Re): Prandtl Number (Pr): Characteristic Length L or D (m): Thermal Conductivity k (W/m·K): Geometry: Vertical PlateHorizontal Plate (Hot Surface Up)Horizontal Plate (Cold Surface Up)Horizontal Cylinder

    Prandtl Number Calculator Calculation Mode: Manual InputSelect from Material Database Dynamic Viscosity μ (Pa·s or kg/m·s): Specific Heat Capacity Cp (J/kg·K): Thermal Conductivity k (W/m·K): Select Fluid/Material: Air at 20°CAir at 100°CWater at 20°CWater at 100°CEngine Oil (SAE 30)GlycerinMercuryHelium GasCarbon Dioxide Temperature (°C) – for reference: Prandtl Number Formula: Pr = (ν ×

    Fanno Flow Calculator Known Parameter: Initial Mach Number (M₁)4fL*/D (Friction Length to Choke)P/P* RatioT/T* Ratioρ/ρ* Ratio Enter Value: Specific Heat Ratio (γ): Air (γ = 1.4)Helium (γ = 1.667)Hot Combustion Products (γ ≈ 1.3)High-Temperature Air (γ ≈ 1.33) Important: In Fanno flow, friction always drives the flow toward Mach = 1 (sonic choking).

    Rayleigh Flow Calculator Known Parameter: Initial Mach Number (M₁)T/T* RatioP/P* Ratioρ/ρ* Ratio Enter Value: Specific Heat Ratio (γ): Air (γ = 1.4)Monatomic Gas (γ = 1.667)Combustion Products (γ ≈ 1.3)Diatomic Gas Hot (γ ≈1.33) Tip: For subsonic flow (M < 1), heat addition increases Mach number toward 1 (choked). For supersonic flow (M

Compressive Flow Calculator Flow Type: Isentropic Nozzle (1D)Fanno Flow (Friction)Rayleigh Flow (Heat Addition)Normal Shock Input Parameters: Mach Number M: Specific Heat Ratio γ: Stagnation Pressure P₀ (Pa): Stagnation Temperature T₀ (K): Duct Length L (m): Hydraulic Diameter D (m): Friction Factor f: Heat Addition q (J/kg): Calculate Compressive Flow Enter parameters and click “Calculate Compressive